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To meet the demand for rapid and high-precision interception in active defense scenarios with unknown maneuvers of incoming missiles, a fixed-time convergent cooperative Line-of-Sight(LOS) guidance law for missile-aircraft coordination is proposed, which integrates disturbance observation with an integral sliding mode approach. Firstly, a fixed-time observer is employed to estimate the unknown acceleration of the incoming missile. Furthermore, to address the instability of LOS convergence time due to external disturbances and uncertainties in initial conditions under different launch scenarios, an integral sliding mode LOS guidance law based on fixed-time convergence theory is designed, wherein the disturbance induced by the unknown acceleration is compensated by using the estimation provided by the fixed-time observer. The fixed-time stability of the proposed guidance law is rigorously proven, and an explicit estimation of the convergence time is derived. In addition, a real-time cooperative strategy is derived through a static optimization method to achieve efficient coordination between the aircraft and the interceptor, thereby enhancing interception efficiency. Finally, numerical simulations validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed fixed-time cooperative LOS guidance law.
Hypersonic technology has been positioned as a core domain of strategic competition among global powers. The weapon systems enabled by this technology, characterized by rapid response, superior penetration capability, negative defense, and high lethality, are held to be of significant importance for integrated offensive-defensive military systems and future intelligent warfare. Air-breathing hypersonic propulsion technology is regarded as the foundational pillar in this field. A survey of research progress in scramjet engines, detonation engines(including PDE, RDE, and ODE), and combined engines(induding RBCC and TBCC) is focused. Key bottlenecks in these technologies are analyzed, including issues related to fuel mixing and mode transition in scramjet engines, challenges associated with ignition initiation and suppression of pressure wave back-propagation in detonation engines, and difficulties in wide-speed-range coordination and matching in combined engines. Based on this analysis, it is proposed that future hypersonic propulsion technology will advance towards wider speed adaptability, expansion from military to civilian applications, intelligent upgrades, and multi-system integration. A reference for further exploration and application of the technology is intended to be provided.
With the continuous development of large-scale model technology, its application value in the military field is increasingly prominent. To explore the technical architecture and development process suitable for military applications of large-scale models and further enhance combat effectiveness, based on an in-depth analysis of the military applications requirements for large-scale models, a systematic architecture development process of "pretraining—supervised fine-tuning—reward modeling—reinforcement learning— knowledge distillation" is proposed by studying the technical mechanisms and military applicability of Transformer and Mixture of Experts(MoE) architectures. The feasibility of the development process is verified by taking the intelligent situation awareness system for joint maritime operations as an example. The results clearly demonstrate the potential application value of large-scale models in tasks such as multi-source heterogeneous data fusion and intelligent decision support, indicating the feasibility of the development process. The research provides theoretical references for promoting the in-depth application of large-scale models in the military field and accelerating the intelligent transformation of the military.
To address the issue of insufficient anti-jamming capability of UAV servos in complex electromagnetic environments, a frequency-spatial joint anti-jamming method based on dynamic game theory is proposed. A dual-time-scale differential game framework is constructed, where the frequency-hopping strategies are optimized dynamically by using a Q-learning algorithm to avoid interference frequency points, realizing virtual beamforming through multi-sensor data fusion to suppress sidelobe interference, and integrating dynamic impedance matching to enhance the robustness. A frequency-spatial collaborative payoff function is designed to quantify the cross-domain strategy coupling effect. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, the exponential convergence of the system under an interference power density ≤0.8 W/m2 is proven, with a convergence time ≤18 ms. Experiments show that under comprehensive frequency-sweeping interference, the proposed scheme achieves the average suppression efficiency improvement of approximately 37% compared with the traditional static filtering scheme, and the error between the model's predicted results and measured values is less than 5%. The implementation of this technical scheme breaks through the real-time and collaborative optimization bottlenecks of traditional single-domain anti-jamming technologies, and verifies the engineering applicability of dynamic game theory.
Addressing the bottlenecks of complex thermal protection system design, insufficient material performance, and product assurance challenges for hypersonic aircrafts under extreme service environments, the design processes, material, and field maintenance mechanisms are systematically investigated. It is focused on ten core stages of the thermal protection design process. A systematic design approach from target requirements to verification methods is clarified. The performance differences and application scenarios of silicon-based, carbon-based, and ceramic-based materials are compared and analyzed, revealing the core advantages of lightweight and high-temperature resistant composite materials. The risk of heat seal failure during long-term flight and the need for field maintenance support are explored, and key technical requirements such as low-temperature curing and rapid repair are also proposed. Based on multi-field coupling analysis, it is further recommended to enhance the ability to better understand material properties, reduce material types to mitigate the risk of thermal matching, and promote theoretical research on differences in space and ground experiments. The results can provide important support for the lightweight, high reliability design and engineering application of thermal protection systems for hypersonic aircrafts.
In order to design the composite cooling structure more reasonably to cope with the sharp rise in turbine inlet temperature, the composite film-impingement cooling configurations with limited volume are investigated numerically through Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) simulations to evaluate the cooling effectiveness. The cooling jet characteristics are analyzed including three parameter, namely blowing ratio, impingement hole numbers and impingement hole diameter. The results indicate that the coolant supply quantity is boosted by increasing the blowing ratio, enabling the cooling film to extend further downstream. As the number of impingement holes increases, the enhancement of the kidney-pair vortex intensity is observed on both sides of the cooling jet. The coolant supply quantity is influenced by the impingement hole diameter. When the diameter is reduced, insufficient coolant is delivered, resulting in incomplete film coverage on the target plate. When the diameter is increased too much, most of the coolant is entrained by the mainstream. Through comparative analysis, under the blowing ratio of M=2, the number of impingement holes N=2, and the D D diameter of impingement holesj2=0.3, the cooling flow normal momentum at the outlet of the composite cooling configuration film hole is low. And the cooling film formed under these conditions has good ductility and wall adhesion.
Image matching is recognized as a core technology in missile scene matching guidance, enabling high-precision positioning and trajectory correction through the association of multimodal features or regional information. To address the engineering requirements of multimodal image matching technology in missile matching guidance system, critical challenges in missile matching guidance are systematically categorized, and key technologies affecting the precision guidance performance of aircraft scene matching are focused. The development status of multimodal image matching technology is summarized from both traditional and intelligent approaches. The traditional methods are classified into two types of classical technology paths, namely region-based and feature-based. And the exploratory applications of neural network-assisted matching methods and end-to-end matching methods in intelligent methods are summarized. Finally, it is envisioned that the theoretical evolution of multimodal image matching technology, and its engineering applications in missile matching guidance are discussed, aiming to provide valuable references for academic research and engineering practice in this field.
With the escalation of systematic confrontation, multi-missile cooperative technology has been becoming one of the key hotspots worldwide due to its superior advantages and potential. An analytical review of the worldwide multi-missile cooperative projects is provided for prospecting the technology development directions based on the key factor of network information empowerment. The worldwide multi-missile cooperative projects are organized. The development status is systematically analyzed from the aspects of development trajectory, main characteristics and related concepts, etc. Based on the worldwide projects, the characteristics of the multi-missile cooperative technology are analyzed, and the key points of the multimissile cooperative technology development are summarized around the network. Focus on the key points, the development of multi-missile networked cooperative technology is discussed, alongside a look ahead at the key technology that merits special focus in the future. Research indicates that multi-missile cooperative technology has been becoming one of the key areas worldwide, wherein the multi-missile networked cooperative technology is the top priority for future systematic countermeasures to achieve "cost reduction and efficiency increase". Thus, improving the networked cooperative capability around low-cost, large-scale, and autonomy can offer innovative ideas for the construction of multi-missile cooperative capability under future confrontation.
To address emerging anti-submarine technologies and advancements in undersea warfare capabilities of adversaries, the accelerated development of underwater prepositioned systems is prioritized by the U. S. Navy to maintain undersea dominance. Two representative U. S. systems— "Hydra" and "Upward Falling Payloads"(UFP)—are examined, with their core technologies analyzed. Hydra system enables rapid covert deployment in littoral zones through modular capsules that integrate unmanned aerial and underwater vehicle payloads, which are remotely activated via low-frequency electromagnetic waves and coordinated through cross-domain networks. The UFP system, utilizing deep-sea pressure-resistant and anti-corrosion technologies, pneumatic ascent mechanisms, and nuclear/fuel cell energy systems, is capable of remaining dormant at 4000-meter depths for five years and launching weapons on demand. Overcoming traditional forceprojection limitations, the distributed deployment of both systems can be applied to modular mine warfare and distributed kill-chain operations, significantly enhancing the area denial and stealth strike capabilities. Future underwater prepositioned systems are expected to evolve toward intelligent decision-making(AI-driven), diversified energy solutions, cross-domain integration, and cost-effective mass deployment, ultimately transforming naval warfare paradigms.