NetWork
Multi-body modeling and terminal sliding-mode control for the variable-swept-wing aircraft
Qiao Boran;Zha Xu;Zhao Chengze;Li Meng;Zhuo Yingpeng;Sui Peng;For the multi-rigid-body， multi-degree-of-freedom， strong nonlinear dynamic characteristics and the multi-body dynamic modeling， design of control system difficulty problem of variable-swept-wing aircraft， analysis and study on multi-body modeling and terminal sliding-mode control are accomplished. For the coupling effect analysis of variable-swept-wing aircrafts driving components， pitch channel multi-body dynamic modelling of aircrafts are based on Kane’s method. The new nonsingular， rapidly and global continuous sliding-mode surface based arc-tangent function is constructed. The adaptive reaching law is proposed on the basis of traditional reaching law， predictive control and variable exponential power reaching law， and system state. The stability and finite-time convergence of the sliding-mode surface， the reaching law and the closed-loop control system are proofed. The contrastive analysis is achieved about the pitch attitude control effectiveness of the different sliding-mode surface. Simulation results show that the controller can solve chattering problem and slow global convergence rate of the existing sliding-mode control method， can realized stabilization control of variable-swept-wing aircraft attitude control in high-frequency disturbance.
Data Bus Applications in Tactical Missiles: Current Status and Development
Zhang Kun;Han Bin;Huang Chaofan;Zhao Zhiyuan;Liu Ming;Jiang Yue;In recent years， with the continuous advancement in the intelligence of tactical missiles， traditional “point-to-point” data interaction methods for missile-borne components have revealed drawbacks such as complex cable networks and poor scalability. The missile-borne data bus serves as the neural center of modern missiles， responsible for the efficient flow of data， and is a foundational technology supporting the development of missile intelligence. We first introduce the evolution of missile-borne data interoperability technologies and outline the application scenarios of traditional and modern missile-borne information interaction. Subsequently， it compares and analyzes the technical characteristics of three common data buses used in missiles， i.e.，1553B， CAN， and FlexRay， summarizes their typical bus topologies and application methods in missile weapon systems， and presents general solutions to the bus impedance matching issues caused by the separation of the missile and the launcher. Finally， considering the intelligent development trajectory of tactical missiles， several potential directions for the future development of missile-borne data buses are proposed.
Research on high-precision tracking and image stabilization control driven by micro-displacement based on the hysteresis model of piezoelectric ceramic
Wang Tanchen;Tu Yan;Zhang Xinchao;Guo Lei;Zhang Jian;In response to the demand for tracking and stable imaging of targets under the volume size limitation in the precision-guided weapon guidance systems， the piezoelectric ceramic is proposed as a solution for the micro-displacement actuators to drive the optical axis to deflect and scan， achieving high-quality tracking and image stabilization functions for the target. Firstly， on the basis of establishing the Bouc-Wen hysteresis feedforward model of piezoelectric ceramics， PID feedback control is added to improve the accuracy and robustness of the control system. Secondly， through the numerical simulation of the system’s imaging tracking characteristics， the rapidity and frequency response characteristics of the imaging tracking loop are analyzed. Finally， through the numerical simulation of the system’s image stabilization characteristics， the compensation effect of the system on circumferential disturbance signals is analyzed. The results show that the micro-displacement drive control system based on the piezoelectric ceramic hysteresis model can stably track the input control signal under large bandwidth conditions and has the image stabilization function， ensuring the stable tracking of the target by the detection system.
Research on the low-cost and scaled development of U.S. hypersonic missiles
Huang Yuwei;Wang Peng;Wang Junwei;Xie Jing;To address the gap posed by a major power adversary’s already operational deployment of hypersonic missiles， as well as the practical lessons from the limited effectiveness of small?scale hypersonic missile employment in the Russia?Ukraine conflict， the United States is exploring development pathways for low-cost hypersonic missiles， accelerating the transition of its hypersonic missiles from “small?batch prototype manufacturing” to “large?scale mass production.” This paper systematically analyzes the background drivers， key initiatives， and strategic implications of the U.S. efforts to promote the scaled development of hypersonic missiles. The study indicates that the underlying logic shift toward “design for producibility” is the key to achieving scaled capabilities， while resilient supply chains and advanced manufacturing models serve as two major enablers for cost reduction and efficiency enhancement. Once scaled capabilities are realized， the triple advantages of hypersonic missiles 'speed， range， and scale' will combine to produce a disruptive penetrating strike effect， posing a serious threat to an adversary’s deep?echelon defended targets.
Research on the Effectiveness of Anti-ship Missile Swarm Operation under Distributed Confrontation
Gao Tianyun;Bu Tianrui;Du Lin;Fu Xuefei;With the US military advancing its Distributed Maritime Operations (DMO) strategy， how to effectively neutralize dispersed naval formations remains a critical challenge. This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of future requirements for distributed maritime operations and systematically summarizes the development of US military equipment over recent years. Based on the Standard Missile 3 interceptor model， it prospectively conceptualizes force deployment patterns for both internal and external forces in distributed maritime combat scenarios. By subdividing operational procedures based on core task characteristics， it establishes a human-machine collaborative intelligent operational decision-making system， while designing missile intelligent swarm combat patterns based on typical operational objectives. Research suggests that multiple manned/unmanned coordinated surface action groups can perform mid-course anti-missile interception tasks， positioned ahead of core fleet formations to provide sufficient interception windows and air defense sector angles in both azimuthal and radial dimensions. Operationally， an intelligent coordinated mode centered on hypersonic missiles supplemented by multi-type “pre-strike firepower packages” constitutes an effective strategy against distributed maritime formations. Successful implementation of this strategy hinges on (1) “knowing the enemy and knowing oneself” prior to engagement， (2) “intelligent optimization” of weapon–target pairing before launch， and (3) “rolling iteration” of targeting solutions during the terminal phase.
The development and implications of cross-domain cooperative combat modes of UAV from the perspective of Russia-Ukraine conflict
Zhang Yuanyuan;Shao Xianpei;Xu Guangda;Li Kun;Zhou Xiaoguang;The actual combat in the Russia-Ukraine conflict has proved that cross-domain collaborative operations of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) will gradually become the basic form of future warfare. This article first conducts a detailed analysis of the four cross-domain collaborative operation modes of UAVs formed in the Russia-Ukraine conflict based on open-source intelligence information. Then， it focuses on analyzing the core characteristics and key technologies of cross-domain collaborative operations of UAVs by combining typical battle examples. Enlightenment and suggestions are proposed from three aspects: reinforcing the concept of "UAV +" cross-domain collaborative operations to advance the development of distributed intelligent swarm operations; adhering to the "high-low mix" equipment technology roadmap to break through the bottlenecks in system collaboration; and deepening research on the integration of cutting-edge technologies and operational assessment to lead the evolution of operational paradigms. Finally， the future development trends are prospected: cross-domain collaborative operations of UAVs will move toward three directions， namely autonomous swarms， all-domain integration， and algorithmic confrontation. The research findings can provide valuable insights and references for the future construction and development of unmanned combat systems and unmanned equipment systems.
Development characteristics and technical analysis of multi-agent collaborative spectrum management and control
Liu Jiaqi;Wang Zhenyi;Zhang Na;Guo Chang;Li Kai;Facing complex electromagnetic environments characterized by high dynamics and intense confrontation， a paradigm shift from static allocation to intelligent gaming is being undergone by multi-agent collaborative spectrum management. However， driven by current intelligent technologies， challenges are faced by this field， including unclear evolutionary characteristics， fragmented analysis of management requirements， and ambiguous collaborative technical pathways. The evolutionary trajectory is systematically reviewed in this paper， and three phases are divided: rule-driven static allocation， optimal decision-making dynamic adjustment， and cognitive autonomous intelligent collaboration. Furthermore， three new characteristics are distilled: distributed spectrum autonomous decision-making， online reconfiguration in open adversarial environments， and adaptive expansion of dynamic game tasks. Based on this， a systematic requirement analysis is conducted from three dimension--strong task conflict， multi-dimensional system heterogeneity， and high operational reliability--by focusing on the operational characteristics of electromagnetic spectrum management. In addition， four core technologies are emphatically explored: generative spectrum strategy planning， generalizable adversarial collaborative learning， game-guided multi-agent cooperative optimization， and full-process robust verification. Finally， it is indicated that future research should be focused on constructing a distributed spectrum collaborative intelligent agent cluster with high autonomy， strong adaptability， and trustworthy capabilities. This is regarded as a key direction to break through the bottlenecks of future intelligent electromagnetic spectrum warfare capabilities， and comprehensive and clear guidance is provided for theoretical research and engineering practice in this field.
Review of test and evaluation development abroad in 2025
Shi Yinsheng;Bao Yang;Pang Jingjing;Based on the relevant practices and public information in the field of foreign test and evaluation in 2025， this paper systematically sorts out the development status， key progress and important achievements of the foreign test and evaluation field from three core dimensions: test and evaluation methods and technologies， test and evaluation facilities， and test and evaluation management， analyzes the development trends. And it comes out that major foreign military powers have focused on the innovation of test and evaluation methods， facility upgrading， and management optimization， continuously promoting the transformation of the test and evaluation system towards digitalization， intelligence， and integration， and achieving a number of breakthroughs in key fields such as hypersonics， artificial intelligence， cybersecurity， and unmanned systems. Test and evaluation has transformed from a support and guarantee for equipment development into a key driving force for combat capability generation.
Review of foreign hypersonic technology developments in 2025
Huang Yuwei;Wang Peng;Wang Junwei;He Yining;Li Bing;Liu Jinsong;Hypersonic technology has become a core area of strategic competition among major powers. To investigate the latest developments and trends internationally， this study comprehensively reviews the significant 2025 advancements in hypersonic technology across key nations， including the United States， Russia， the United Kingdom， France， Germany， Japan， Australia， India， North Korea， South Korea， and Iran. The analysis spans multiple dimensions: development strategies， budget allocations， equipment R&D， testing capabilities， industrial capacity， and basic/applied research. The research concludes that global hypersonic development reflects a full-spectrum competition grounded in ‘formation of scaled weapon capabilities’ and ‘sustained research and development investment’. This competition is characterized by two primary thrusts: first， a focus on the operational deployment and low-cost mass production of hypersonic missiles， aimed at rapidly bridging symmetrical strike capability gaps and establishing strategic deterrence; second， a frontier pursuit of reusable hypersonic vehicles to seize the strategic high ground in future air and space domains.
A UAV formation trajectory planning method based on improved MADDPG algorithm
Yu Jingzhao;Fan Hongdong;Wang Le;Gao Jiuan;Yi Yulin;Zhang Yichi;To address the conflict between formation maintenance and safe obstacle avoidance in multi-UAV formation trajectory planning under complex obstacle environments， this paper proposes a cooperative trajectory planning method based on an improved Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) algorithm. First， a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) model is constructed for the autonomous cooperative trajectory planning of a four-UAV diamond formation with a leader–follower architecture. A comprehensive reward function is designed by incorporating formation error， obstacle-avoidance penalties， and target-approach incentives.Then， an improved MADDPG algorithm with curriculum learning is developed. Twin critic networks and a Clipped Double Q target are introduced to improve value estimation. A curriculum learning mechanism with progressively increasing difficulty is designed to guide the training process. In the complete task， a three-stage dynamic variable-weight strategy is adopted for obstacle traversal， formation reconfiguration， and formation maintenance. These improvements alleviate sparse rewards and convergence difficulties in complex environments.Finally， simulation experiments are carried out for four-UAV formation trajectory planning in complex obstacle scenarios. The results show that the proposed method can effectively achieve cooperative obstacle avoidance， formation reconfiguration， and stable formation maintenance. In the two-obstacle scenario， the task success rate exceeds 97%. Comparative experiments further demonstrate that the curriculum learning mechanism can effectively improve training stability and task convergence.